his article is about international travel restrictions. For domestic travel restrictions and lockdowns, see National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. June 2022
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The near-empty arrival hall of Seoul–Incheon International Airport in South Korea on 6 March 2020
A COVID-19 testing centre for travellers at Heathrow Airport
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries and territories imposed quarantines, entry bans, or other travel restrictions for citizens of or recent travelers to the most affected areas. Some countries and territories imposed global restrictions that apply to all foreign countries and territories, or prevented their own citizens from travelling overseas.
Travel restrictions reduced the spread of the virus. However, because they were implemented after community transmission had begun in several countries around the globe, they produced only a modest reduction in the total number of infections. Travel restrictions may be most important at the start and end of a pandemic.
The travel restrictions brought a significant economic cost to the global tourism industry through lost income and social impacts on people who were unable to travel internationally. After travel bans lifted, global tourism saw a return to pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2024. However, some travel, especially business travel, may decrease in the long-term as lower cost alternatives, such as teleconferencing and virtual events have gained preferrence in the professional world. Some countries with large domestic markets, such as the United States, were able to see a faster recovery from increased domestic travel.
Effectiveness
A study in Science found that travel restrictions could delay the initial arrival of COVID-19 in a country but had only modest overall effects unless combined with infection prevention and control measures to significantly reduce transmission.[7][8][9] These findings are consistent with prior research on influenza and other communicable diseases. Travel bans may be most effective for isolated locations, such as small island nations.
Researchers came to the conclusion that travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic and restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late.
Effects
Together with a decreased willingness to travel, the restrictions have had a negative economic and social impact on the travel sector in their regions.
During the pandemic, slow travel grew in popularity as tourists opted to avoid crowded destinations, instead taking their time to explore less well-known locations.
A possible long-term impact has been a decline of business travel and international conferencing, and the rise of their virtual, online equivalents. Concerns have been raised over the effectiveness of travel restrictions to contain the spread of COVID-19.
Traveling to vaccinated venues that mandate COVID-19 vaccines to tourists/staff
Many tourism venues, including museums, visitor centers, restaurants, and hotels, required COVID-19 vaccination for their staff or visitors, designating them as vaccinated venues. Research indicates that tourists have differing beliefs about the effectiveness and side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, which influence their willingness to visit or use these venues.
Countries and territories which implemented a global travel ban
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